Cartoon:
In 1906, Vitagraph released the first animated film in the United States, Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, by cartoonist James Stuart Blackton. It featured a series of faces, letters, and words being drawn. This rudimentary foundation encouraged other cartoon pioneers, including Emil Cohl and Winsor McCay. Cohl produced Drame Chez Les Fantoches (A Drama in Fantoche's House) (1908), a film more like modern classics, both funny and with a well-developed plot. McCay's Little Nemo (1911), the first fully animated film, was based on his Newspaper comic strip. His Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) was the first to use frame-by-frame animation, which produced fluid motion. Gertie also initiated fascination with a central character.
In the 1910s, animated cartoons were also being produced as series. John Randolph Bray had success with a number of them. Bray and other innovators developed ways of speeding up the drawing process using translucent paper, which enabled quicker drawing. The decade also witnessed the rise of the cell animation process and other important advances.
Warner Brothers rivaled Disney in the early years of animated films. Cartoonist Chuck Jones popularized the wisecracking Bugs Bunny, who first appeared in the 1940 short, A Wild Hare. While at Warner from 1936 to 1962, Jones also created Elmer Fudd, Porky Pig, Road Runner, and Wile E. Coyote. Jones's favorite, however, was Daffy Duck, the daft everyman who first appeared in 1937. Jones is acknowledged as the inspiration of everything from the smart alecky Rugrats to the blockbuster movie The Lion King (1994). Except for Disney, no one had a more lasting influence on the development of cartoons.
The Manufacturing
Process
Creating an animated short or full-length feature is a long, tedious process. Extremely labor-intensive, the average short cartoon has approximately 45,000 separate frames. To make a character say "Hello, Simon," can require 12 drawings to depict each movement of the character's lips.
Characters' actions are sketched
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6 Using the model sheets, the head animator sketches the primary, or "extreme," action. For example, if the character is running, the head animator will draw the foot leaving the floor, the foot in the air, and the foot returning to the floor. Or if the story calls for the character to blink, the head animator will sketch the eyes going through the motions. Animation assistants then fill in the details.
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animation
Yellow Submarine, a 1968 animated film starring the Beatles, featured the process of pixilation, in which live people are photographed in stop-motion to give the illusion of humanly-impossible movements. In the film The Lord of the Rings, directed in 1978 by Ralph Bakshi using rotoscoping, live action was filmed first. Then each frame was traced and colored to create a series of animation cels. By the late twentieth century, many in the industry were experimenting with computer technology to create animation. In 1995, John Lassiter directed Toy Story, the first feature film created entirely with computer animation.
The Fleischer brothers and the animators at Warner Brothers offered more irreverent cartoons that often appealed to adult audiences. In Europe new animation alternatives to line drawing were developed, including animation using puppets (sometimes made from clay). In the late 20th century computer animation, as seen in the first fully computer-generated animated feature, Toy Story (1995), moved the art to a new level.
Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.
Computer animation
Like stop motion, computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying idea being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.
2D animation
Figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of tweening, morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.
Examples: Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Jib Jab
* Analog computer animation
* Flash animation
* PowerPoint animation
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The present day notion is - cartoon is made with
drawings on paper and given motion through
changing frames; animation is that which is done
on computer using computer graphics.